Periodontal outcomes of surgically exposed and orthodontically aligned buccally impacted maxillary canines: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to compare periodontal outcomes of surgically exposed and orthodontically aligned buccally impacted maxillary canines to spontaneously erupted maxillary canines. DATA SOURCES: An unrestricted search was carried out of indexed databases (Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus), reference lists of included studies, and grey literature published until December 2023. DATA SELECTION: Observational and experimental studies that addressed the focused question 'Do periodontal outcomes of buccally impacted maxillary canines that were surgically exposed and subsequently extruded and aligned using orthodontic alignment differ from those of spontaneously erupted maxillary canines?' were included. DATA EXTRACTION: Study screening, selection and data extraction were performed independently by two authors, with disagreement resolved by a third reviewer. The risk of bias was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist and GRADE approach. RESULTS: A total of 857 citations were found and five studies were eligible for inclusion. Supragingival plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation were similar between impacted canines and their contralaterals in most studies. Meta-analyses revealed no significant differences in keratinised tissue width (prospective studies: MD = -0.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.13-0.56, I² = 78%; retrospective studies: MD = 0.61, 95% CI = -1.51-2.72, I² = 94%). However, a meta-analysis of prospective studies showed slightly greater mean probing depth for impacted canines compared to their contralateral canines (prospective studies: MD = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.04-0.28, I² = 0%). The evidence certainty for keratinised tissue width and probing depth outcomes was low. CONCLUSION: Surgically exposed and orthodontically aligned buccally impacted canines have slightly greater probing depths, potential bone loss and increased clinical crown length, compared to their counterparts. However, these small differences (<1 mm) are unlikely to be clinically significant.

Clinical outcomes following atrophic alveolar ridge reconstruction using collagenated xenogeneic bone block or autogenous bone block: One-year follow-up of a randomized controlled clinical.

AIM: This investigation aimed to evaluate the 1-year survival of implants placed after staged lateral alveolar ridge augmentation using equine-derived collagenated xenogeneic bone blocks (CXBBs) or autogenous bone block (ABB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients who underwent lateral augmentation in a previous trial were included. The primary outcome measure was implant survival at the 1-year follow-up, and secondary outcomes included implant success, peri-implant clinical and volumetric parameters, pink aesthetic scores (PES) and patient-reported outcome measures. Data analysis involved Fisher's exact test, the Mann-Whitney U-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: In this study, no late implant failures were observed. The cumulative survival rates were 78.6% for the CXBB group and 90.9% for the ABB group, with no difference between the groups. Similarly, the success rates were 53.6% and 63.6%, respectively, showing no significant difference. Peri-implant clinical and volumetric parameters indicated the presence of healthy peri-implant tissues surrounding implants placed in both CXBB- and ABB-augmented sites. PES were 8.5 and 11.0 for implants placed in CXBB- and ABB-augmented sites, respectively. Furthermore, patient satisfaction rates were high and similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Dental implants placed in both CXBB- and ABB-augmented ridges demonstrated no statistically significant differences in clinical, volumetric and aesthetic outcomes, along with high patient satisfaction rates.

Toothpaste-related interests of Google users from different countries.

The Internet is a growing source of knowledge and can provide information about oral health. This ecological study aimed to characterize the interests in toothpaste among Google users from different countries. Our hypothesis was that there would be an increase in Google users' interest in information about toothpaste. This retrospective longitudinal ecological study analyzed the toothpaste-related interest of Google users from 10 countries between January 2004 and December 2020. The monthly variation in relative search volume (RSV) and the main related queries were determined using Google Trends. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) forecasting models were built to establish the predictive RSV values for toothpaste for an additional 12 months. Autocorrelation plots and the generalized additive model (GAM) were used to diagnose trends and seasonality in RSV curves. Additionally, the influence of social isolation related to the outbreak of COVID-19 was analyzed. Although not detected by autocorrelation function (ACF) and partial autocorrelation function (PACF) analyses, the heuristic analysis showed an increase in the interest in toothpaste-related information in all countries, with a stable trend observed in the 12-month forecasts, except for the increases in the United Kingdom and South Africa. Also, GAM analyses demonstrated a non-significant monthly or quarterly seasonal influence on data. In addition, social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic did not influence the online information-seeking behavior of Google Search users linked to this topic. We confirmed the hypothesis that the interest of Google Search users in information about toothpaste increased in all of the 10 assessed countries.

Three-dimensional-printed scaffolds for periodontal regeneration: A systematic review.

Background: As current ethical codes preclude determining whether the clinical improvements obtained with the use of three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds represent true periodontal regeneration, the histological proof of evidence for regeneration must be demonstrated in animal models. Thus, this systematic review investigated the regenerative potential of 3D-printed scaffolds in animal models of periodontal defects. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was performed in four databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus) to identify preclinical controlled studies that investigated the use of 3D-printed scaffolds for periodontal regeneration. Studies limited to periodontal defects treated with 3D scaffolds were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome was periodontal regeneration, assessed histologically as new bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament (PDL). This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Quality was assessed according to the SRYCLE score. Results: Six studies met the inclusion criteria. Scaffolds were designed using computer-aided design software. While the absence of a scaffold resulted in defects repaired mainly with fibrous connective tissue, the use of nonguiding 3D scaffolds promoted some bone formation. Notably, the regeneration of cementum and functional PDL fibers perpendicularly inserted into the root surface and the alveolar bone was limited to the defects treated with multi-compartment fiber-guiding or ion-containing 3D scaffolds. Nevertheless, the quality of the evidence was limited due to the unclear risk of bias. Conclusions: Despite the limitations of the available evidence, the current data suggest that the use of printed multi-compartment fiber-guiding or ion-containing 3D scaffolds improves periodontal regeneration in animal models.

Radiographic outcomes of ridge reconstruction with autogenous bone block versus collagenated xenogeneic bone block: A randomized clinical trial.

AIM: To compare, at different levels from the alveolar crest, the radiographic outcomes of equine-derived collagenated xenogeneic bone blocks (CXBB) and autogenous bone blocks (ABB) used for lateral alveolar ridge augmentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four patients with tooth gaps in atrophic alveolar ridges with ≤4 mm were randomly assigned to lateral augmentation using CXBB or ABB. The lateral bone thickness (LBT) was measured 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm below the alveolar crest using CBCT scans obtained before augmentation surgery and at 30 weeks, prior to implant placement. Statistical analysis was performed using Shapiro-Wilk, Fisher's exact, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. RESULTS: Both CXBB and ABB resulted in significant total and buccal LBT gains at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm. LBT gains were similar between CXBB- and ABB-augmented sites, except for greater buccal LBT gains at 8 mm at CXBB-augmented sites. While ABB-augmented sites gained vertical bone height, CXBB-treated sites suffered vertical bone loss (CXBB: -0.16 mm; ABB: 0.38 mm, p < .0009). CONCLUSIONS: CXBB and ABB were both associated with significant and similar LBT gains at 30 weeks.

Efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing oral SARS-COV-2 load: a review.

Accumulated evidence has shown that the oral cavity may be an important reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. Some authors have suggested that the use of mouthrinses could reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva. Thus, the aim of this review was to synthesize evidence about the efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing the salivary viral load of SARS-CoV-2. 2. Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the efficacy of different mouthrinses in reducing salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Various active ingredients have been tested in these trials: 0.5%,1% and 2% povidone-iodine, 0.2% and 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 0.075% CPC with Zinc lactate, 1% and 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 1.5% HP + 0.12% CHX and ß-cyclodextrin and citrox. The studies reported an intra-group reduction in the salivary levels of the virus, when compared with the baseline. However, the majority of these trials failed to demonstrate a significant inter-group difference between active groups and the control group relative to the decrease in salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Although promising, these results should be confirmed by larger trials.

The influence of smoking on the incidence of peri-implantitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to systematically analyze the influence of smoking on the incidence of peri-implantitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search was performed in the National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE-PubMed), SCOPUS, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Science databases (finished on November 30, 2022). Systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA statement. Prospective cohort studies that evaluate the incidence of peri-implantitis in smokers and non-smokers were included. Two authors independently searched for eligible studies, screened titles, and abstracts, did the full-text analysis, extracted data, and performed the risk-of-bias assessment. The results were summarized through random-effects meta-analyses. The GRADE method was used to determine the certainty of evidence. RESULTS: A total of 7 studies with 702 patients and 1959 implants were included for analysis. The meta-analysis revealed a significant difference between smokers and non-smokers for the risk of peri-implantitis in the implant-based (p < .0001) and patient-based analysis (p = .003). A strong association between smoking and the risk for peri-implantitis was verified at the implant level (RR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.46-1.85) and the patient level (RR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.42-5.50). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate certainty evidence suggests that smoking is associated with peri-implantitis compared to non-smoking at the patient and implant levels.

Effects of antimicrobial mouthwashes on the human oral microbiome: Systematic review of controlled clinical trials.

OBJECTIVES: This review aimed to assess the impact of mouthwashes on the composition of the human oral microbiome. METHOD: An electronic search algorithm was adapted to MEDLINE-PubMed, Scopus, Embase and ISI Web of Science, and reference lists of relevant sources were manually searched. Inclusion criteria were controlled clinical trials published in English whose population were adult individuals who rinse with antimicrobial mouthwashes and that analysed changes in the oral microbiome by metataxonomy, metagenomics or phylogenetic microarray. Identified studies were screened and assessed following the PRISMA guidelines, and results were compiled into qualitative synthesis of the evidence. RESULTS: Five controlled clinical studies were included. These studies found associations between the daily use of mouthwashes and changes in the oral microbiome, but the nature of the effect varied according to the mouthwash. Chlorhexidine (CHX) rinses lowered microbial diversity. While 7-day use of CHX led to increases in the abundance of Neisseria, Streptococcus and Granulicatella and a decrease in the abundance of Actinomyces, its prolonged use led to widespread reductions in several genera and species. Cetylpyridinium chloride-containing mouthwashes specifically lowered the abundance of gingivitis-associated genera. In contrast, N-acetyl cysteine-based mouthwashes did not promote changes in the oral microbiome. CONCLUSIONS: Despite substantial heterogeneity, we found evidence to support the hypothesis that CHX and CPC mouthwashes promote changes in oral microbial structure and/or reductions in community diversity that favour the resolution of dysbiosis. However, future large population-based studies of adequate duration are needed to fully understand the extent to which antimicrobial mouthwashes modulate the microbiome.

Toothpaste-related interests of Google users from different countries

Abstract The Internet is a growing source of knowledge and can provide information about oral health. This ecological study aimed to characterize the interests in toothpaste among Google users from different countries. Our hypothesis was that there would be an increase in Google users' interest in information about toothpaste. This retrospective longitudinal ecological study analyzed the toothpaste-related interest of Google users from 10 countries between January 2004 and December 2020. The monthly variation in relative search volume (RSV) and the main related queries were determined using Google Trends. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) forecasting models were built to establish the predictive RSV values for toothpaste for an additional 12 months. Autocorrelation plots and the generalized additive model (GAM) were used to diagnose trends and seasonality in RSV curves. Additionally, the influence of social isolation related to the outbreak of COVID-19 was analyzed. Although not detected by autocorrelation function (ACF) and partial autocorrelation function (PACF) analyses, the heuristic analysis showed an increase in the interest in toothpaste-related information in all countries, with a stable trend observed in the 12-month forecasts, except for the increases in the United Kingdom and South Africa. Also, GAM analyses demonstrated a non-significant monthly or quarterly seasonal influence on data. In addition, social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic did not influence the online information-seeking behavior of Google Search users linked to this topic. We confirmed the hypothesis that the interest of Google Search users in information about toothpaste increased in all of the 10 assessed countries.

Alterations in macrophage polarization play a key role in control and development of periodontal diseases.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by complex interplays between a dysbiotic oral microbiome and a dysregulated host inflammatory response that results in the destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. Among the inflammatory cells involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, macrophages are recruited early on to sites of periodontal infection. These cells can polarize in different phenotypes that mediate the initiation and resolution of inflammatory responses, as well as in tissue healing. Macrophage phenotypic plasticity is thought to play a critical role in the induction and resolution of inflammation and may be compromised in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we reviewed the role of macrophage polarization in periodontal disease and therapy.

Efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing oral SARS-COV-2 load: a review

Abstract Accumulated evidence has shown that the oral cavity may be an important reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. Some authors have suggested that the use of mouthrinses could reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva. Thus, the aim of this review was to synthesize evidence about the efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing the salivary viral load of SARS-CoV-2. 2. Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the efficacy of different mouthrinses in reducing salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Various active ingredients have been tested in these trials: 0.5%,1% and 2% povidone-iodine, 0.2% and 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 0.075% CPC with Zinc lactate, 1% and 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 1.5% HP + 0.12% CHX and ß-cyclodextrin and citrox. The studies reported an intra-group reduction in the salivary levels of the virus, when compared with the baseline. However, the majority of these trials failed to demonstrate a significant inter-group difference between active groups and the control group relative to the decrease in salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Although promising, these results should be confirmed by larger trials.

Powered Toothbrushes: An Opportunity for Biofilm and Gingival Inflammation Control.

The present review aimed at a broad investigation on the potential of powered as compared to manual toothbrushes in different aspects of clinical dentistry. Studies evaluating plaque and gingival inflammatory parameters were included, as well as those that investigated adverse effects. Emphasis was given separately to adults, youngsters, special-needs patients, and those under fixed orthodontic therapy. In general, comparisons favored powered toothbrushes. In summary, approximately 68% of the included studies, in terms of plaque/gingival inflammation in adults, presented better results for powered toothbrushes. In children and special-needs populations, approximately 40% of the included studies favored powered toothbrushes for plaque/gingival inflammation, and none favored manual ones. In orthodontic individuals, 50% of the studies also demonstrated a better effect of powered toothbrushes on plaque and gingival inflammation. All included studies that assessed adverse events did not demonstrate a difference in these effects when comparing manual vs. powered toothbrushes. It is concluded that the use of powered toothbrushes is an opportunity to enhance patterns of plaque control and associated gingival inflammation.

Autogenous bone block versus collagenated xenogeneic bone block in the reconstruction of the atrophic alveolar ridge: A non-inferiority randomized clinical trial.

AIM: To compare the efficacy of equine-derived collagenated xenogeneic bone blocks (CXBB) and autogenous bone block (ABB) for lateral alveolar ridge augmentation and two-stage implant placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four patients with tooth gaps up to four teeth and atrophic alveolar ridges with ≤4 mm were randomly assigned to lateral augmentation using CXBB or ABB. Lateral bone thickness (LBT) was measured 2 mm below the alveolar crest at augmentation surgery and 30 weeks later at implant placement. Implant-related outcomes, adverse events, surgery duration, pain sensation, analgesic consumption, and oral health-related quality of life were also assessed. Data were analysed using Fisher's exact, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. RESULTS: At 30 weeks, the median change in LBT amounted to 2.90 (CXBB) and 3.00 (ABB), respectively. Secondary endpoints demonstrated similar results for CXBB and ABB in terms of possibility to place an implant, need to perform a secondary bone augmentation at implant placement and rate of complications. Early implant failure was 20% for CXBB and 10% for ABB, with no difference between the groups. Pain scores and post-operative consumption of analgesics were significantly lower in the CXBB group than in the ABB group, especially during the first days post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS: CXBB is non-inferior to ABB for horizontal alveolar ridge augmentation and two-stage implant placement.

Periodontal diseases: is it possible to prevent them? A populational and individual approach.

Periodontal diseases are infectious inflammatory chronic diseases of a multifactorial nature. They are primarily caused by dysbiotic ecological changes in dental biofilm, which may be influenced by risk factors. The prevention of periodontal diseases may involve different strategies focused on reducing distal, intermediate, and proximal risk factors at both the population and individual levels. Effective prevention depends on interdisciplinary and common risk factor approaches. Also, patient-centered preventive models are more effective than professional-centered models in the management of periodontal diseases. Regular and periodic control of dental biofilm is an essential measure for the different levels of prevention of periodontal diseases. The effectiveness of periodontal disease prevention largely depends on positive modifications of behavior, knowledge, health literacy, patient empowerment, motivation, and compliance.

Fungal diseases: Oral dysbiosis in susceptible hosts.

The oral cavity is colonized by a large number of microorganisms that are referred to collectively as the oral microbiota. These indigenous microorganisms have evolved in symbiotic relationships with the oral mucosal immune system and are involved in maintaining homeostasis in the oral cavity. Although Candida species are commonly found in the healthy oral cavity without causing infection, these fungi can become pathogenic. Recents advances indicate that the development of oral candidiasis is driven both by Candida albicans overgrowth in a dysbiotic microbiome and by disturbances in the host's immune system. Perturbation of the oral microbiota triggered by host-extrinsic (ie, medications), host-intrinsic (ie, host genetics), and microbiome-intrinsic (ie, microbial interactions) factors may increase the risk of oral candidiasis. In this review, we provide an overview of the oral mycobiome, with a particular focus on the interactions of Candida albicans with some of the most common oral bacteria and the oral mucosal immune system. Also, we present a summary of our current knowledge of the host-intrinsic and host-extrinsic factors that can predispose to oral candidiasis.

The effect of a toothpaste containing oleanolic acid in reducing plaque and gingivitis: a proof-of-concept randomized trial.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety and efficacy of an oleanolic acid (OA)-containing toothpaste in reducing gingival inflammation and plaque in patients with gingivitis. METHODS: This proof-of-concept parallel, double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial included 99 patients. Following a 1-week washout, patients were randomized into three groups: OA group (fluoride toothpaste containing 0.1% OA and placebo mouthwash); negative control (fluoride toothpaste and placebo mouthwash); and CHX group (fluoride toothpaste and 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash). Patients were clinically assessed at inclusion, pre-washout visit, baseline and after 4 days, 1 week and 2 weeks of twice-daily use of the products. Patients received a diary for documentation of bleeding on brushing and provided unstimulated saliva samples. RESULTS: After two weeks, all groups showed significant reductions in all clinical parameters. The CHX group exhibited significantly greater reductions in gingival index and interproximal gingival index scores at week 2, as compared to patients in the negative control (p = 0.04). In contrast, reductions in gingival index scores did not differ between CHX and OA groups and between OA and negative control groups at week 2. The CHX group had significantly greater reductions in plaque index scores at day-4, 1-week and 2-week evaluations, as compared to the negative control and OA groups. The frequency of adverse events was similar among the groups. None of the groups reduced salivary transferrin levels. Finally, the OA group had the lowest percentage of self-reported bleeding events. CONCLUSION: OA toothpaste failed to provide antiplaque and antigingivitis effects superior to those of a fluoride toothpaste after 2 weeks of use.

Periodontal diseases: is it possible to prevent them? A populational and individual approach

Abstract Periodontal diseases are infectious inflammatory chronic diseases of a multifactorial nature. They are primarily caused by dysbiotic ecological changes in dental biofilm, which may be influenced by risk factors. The prevention of periodontal diseases may involve different strategies focused on reducing distal, intermediate, and proximal risk factors at both the population and individual levels. Effective prevention depends on interdisciplinary and common risk factor approaches. Also, patient-centered preventive models are more effective than professional-centered models in the management of periodontal diseases. Regular and periodic control of dental biofilm is an essential measure for the different levels of prevention of periodontal diseases. The effectiveness of periodontal disease prevention largely depends on positive modifications of behavior, knowledge, health literacy, patient empowerment, motivation, and compliance.

Prospective, case-controlled study evaluating serum concentration of sirtuin-1 and mannose-binding lectin in patients with and without periodontal and coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis and periodontal disease (PD) are inflammatory diseases that have been shown in studies to have a direct association. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an immune system protein that binds to periodontal pathogens favoring phagocytosis. Conversely, increased serum sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) concentration reduces the inflammatory process. METHODS: This was a prospective, case-controlled study that analyzed serum concentration of biomarkers in patients with or without coronary artery disease (CAD) and PD. A total of 78 patients were evaluated: 20 healthy individuals, 18 patients with CAD, 20 patients with PD, and 20 patients with both PD and CAD. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were analyzed before and after nonsurgical treatment of PD and also at two equivalent times in patients without PD. Serum MBL and SIRT1 concentration were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: A negative correlation was observed between changes in serum concentration of MBL and SIRT1 (r = -0.30; p = 0.006). Comparison between pre- and post-treatment of PD showed a reduction in MBL levels (886.27 ± 906.72 versus 689.94 ± 808.36; p = 0.002) and an increase in SIRT1 values (0.80 ± 1.01 versus 1.49 ± 1.55; p = 0.005) in patients with PD and without CAD. The same result was observed in patients with PD and CAD for MBL and SIRT1, respectively, of 1312.43 ± 898.21 versus 1032.90 ± 602.52 (p = 0.010) and 1.32 ± 1.0 versus 1.82 ± 1.75 (p = 0.044). CONCLUSION: PD treatment reduced MBL serum concentration and increased SIRT1 serum concentration in patients with and without CAD.

Root Coverage Procedures in Noncarious Cervical Lesions With and Without Restoration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The aim of this systematic review was to assess in patients with gingival recessions and noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) whether restoration of NCCLs may influence the percentage of root coverage following surgical root coverage procedures compared to surgical root coverage procedures without subsequent restoration. Four studies (randomized controlled trials) assessing the effects of NCCL restoration in combination with surgical root coverage procedures were included. Meta-analyses showed no significant differences in overall root coverage, CAL gain, and KTW change between test and control groups. In teeth with NCCLs and gingival recessions, restoration of NCCLs does not affect the clinical outcomes of surgical root coverage.

Prevalence of horizontal alveolar changes in edentulous patients: a retrospective tomographic study.

Horizontal bone loss after tooth extraction is a common finding that demands bone reconstruction in various cases. The aim of this study was to assess the horizontal alveolar status in partially and completely edentulous patients using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). In total, 1516 CBCT scans of 1404 adult patients were analyzed. Assessment of the images was performed in accordance with the previously published horizontal alveolar change (HAC) classification, which categorizes horizontal bone defects into four classes: HAC 1, HAC 2, HAC 3 and HAC 4 (from the least severe to the most severe condition). Analysis of 1048 scans from partially edentulous patients presented a distribution of 63.55%, 22.14%, 13.36% and 0.95% in HAC 1, HAC 2, HAC 3 and HAC 4, respectively. Analysis of 468 scans from completely edentulous patient images presented a distribution of 19.87%, 28.63%, 41.67% and 9.83% in HAC 1, HAC 2, HAC 3 and HAC 4, respectively. Based on these results, as in HAC 4, no cancellous bone was found between the cortical buccal and lingual/palatal bone plates, it seems reasonable to state that the absence of cancellous bone is higher in completely edentulous patients than in partially edentulous patients. Therefore, the absence of cancellous bone seems to be higher in completely edentulous than in partially edentulous patients.